Leverage, Capital Intensity, Profitability, and Tax Aggressiveness: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility Moderation
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the influence of leverage, capital intensity, and profitability on tax aggressiveness with corporate social responsibility as a moderating variable. The object of this research is consumer non-cyclicals sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2020–2023 period. The method used in this study was quantitative with a purposive sampling approach to obtain secondary data from the company's annual report and sustainability report. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression and moderated regression analysis (MRA). The results of the study showed that leverage and profitability had a positive effect on tax aggressiveness, while capital intensity did not have a significant effect. Furthermore, corporate social responsibility has been shown to negatively moderate the relationship between leverage and profitability to tax aggressiveness, but does not moderate the relationship between capital intensity and tax aggressiveness. These findings indicate that a commitment to social responsibility can dampen companies' tendency to aggressively evade taxes. This research made an important contribution to the development of the tax accounting literature as well as practical implications for policymakers and corporate management in designing ethical and sustainable tax strategies.
Downloads
References
Anggelina, B., Trisnawati, E., & Firmansyah, A. (2022). Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tax Aggressiveness: Bagaimana Pengaruh Board Gender Diversity? E-JURNAL AKUNTANSI , 912-927, VOL 32 NO 4.
Cahyadi, H., Surya, C., Wijaya, H., & Salim, S. (2020). PENGARUH LIKUIDITAS, LEVERAGE, INTENSITAS MODAL, DAN UKURAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP AGRESIVITAS PAJAK. STATERA: Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 9-16, Volume II, Nomor 1.
Erawati, T., & Sularso, A. (2022). PENGARUH LEVERAGE, PROFITABILITAS, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, KEBIJAKAN DEVIDEN, DAN CAPITAl INTENSITY RATIO TERHADAP AGRESIVITAS PAJAK. JURNAL ECONOMICA, 41-55, Vol. X No 1.
Evinkaw. (2024, Februari 15). Faktor Penyebab Tax Ratio Indonesia Paling Rendah di ASEAN. Diambil kembali dari isbconsultant.com: https://isbconsultant.com/faktor-penyebab-tax-ratio-indonesia-paling-rendah-di-asean/
Fikri, M. Z., & Setijaningsih, H. T. (2024). PENGARUH KEPEMILIKAN INSTITUSIONAL, KEPEMILIKAN MANAJERIAL, PROFITABILITAS DAN KUALITAS AUDIT TERHADAP AGRESIVITAS PAJAK. COSTING:Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting, 5984-5961, Volume 7 Nomor 3.
Firmansyah, A., & Estutik, R. S. (2020). ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY PERFORMANCE, CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DISCLOSURE, TAX AGGRESSIVENESS: DOES CORPORATE GOVERNANCE HAVE A ROLE? Journal of Governance and Regulation, 8-24, Volume 9, Issue 4.
Fitri, R. A., & Munandar, A. (2018). The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility, Profitability, and Leverage toward Tax Aggressiveness with Size of Company as Moderating Variable. Binus Business Review, 63-69, Vol. 9 No. 1.
Fitriani, R. A., & Indrati, M. (2023). The Influence of Capital Intensity, Inventory Intensity, and Profitability on Tax Aggressiveness with Debt Levels as a Moderating Variable. Ilomata International Journal of Tax & Accounting, 145-163, Volume 4, Issue 2.
Gea, M., & Sembiring, E. A. (2024). Pengaruh Intensitas Modal, Profitabilitas dan Manajemen Laba terhadap Agresivitas Pajak Pada Perusahaan Pertambangan Batu Bara yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2018-2021. Management, Accounting, Islamic Banking and Islamic Economic Journal, 112-123, Vol. 2 No.1.
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 25. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Hajawijah, A., Kiswanto, Suryani, T., Yanto, H., & Harjanto, A. P. (2022). The bidirectional relationship of tax aggressiveness and CSR: Evidence from Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 1-19.
Hamonangan, S. (2023). Influencing factors tax aggressiveness: liquidity, leverage, and profitability. Gema Wiralodra, 1124-1132.
Herman, Trisnawati, E., & Verawati. (2023). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Growth, Size, dan HPM (Harga Patokan Mineral) terhadap Net Profit Margin Perusahaan Pertambangan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Owner: Riset & Jurnal Akuntansi, Volume 7 Nomor 3, 1891-1902.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckilng, W. H. (1976). THEORY OF THE FIRM: MANAGERIAL BEHAVIOR, AGENCY COSTS AND OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE. Journal of Financial Economics, 305-360, Vol. 3.
Kesumaningrum, N. D., Bujang, I., Muda, R., Oktavia, R., & Girau, E. A. (2024). Investigating CSR Disclosures and Aggressive Financial Reporting in Relation to Tax Aggressiveness: Can Board Structure Change The Status Quo? International Journal of Economics and Management, 21-38, Vol. 18 No. 1.
Khan, M. A., & Nuryanah, S. (2023). Combating tax aggressiveness: Evidence from Indonesia’s tax amnesty program. Cogent Economics & Finance, Vol. 11.
Kurniati, D. (2024, Januari 2). Catat! Sri Mulyani Ungkap Tax Ratio RI pada 2023 Sebesar 10,21 Persen. Diambil kembali dari news.ddtc.co.id: https://news.ddtc.co.id/berita/nasional/1799580/catat-sri-mulyani-ungkap-tax-ratio-ri-pada-2023-sebesar-1021-persen
Lailiyah, C. Z., Massela, A., Yulianto, A., & Khalid, A. A. (2024). Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility, Profitability, Leverage, and Capital Intensity on Tax Aggressiveness: The Moderating Role of Firm Size in Indonesian Manufacturing Sector. Journal of Accounting, Finance and Auditing Studies, 51-64.
Lanis, R., & Richardson, G. (2016). Outside Directors, Corporate Social Responsibility Performance, and Corporate Tax Aggressiveness: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 1-24.
Lee, E., & Trisnawati, E. (2024). Capital Intensity, Financial Performance on Tax Avoidance During Non COVID-19 and COVID-19 Period. The Accounting Journal of BINANIAGA, Vol. 09, No. 02, 145-156.
Legowo, W. W., Florentia, S., & Firmansyah, A. (2021). AGRESIVITAS PAJAK PADA PERUSAHAAN PERDAGANGAN DI INDONESIA: PROFITABILITAS, CAPITAL INTENSITY, LEVERAGE, DAN UKURAN PERUSAHAAN. Jurnal Bina Akuntansi, 84-108, Vol. 8 No. 1.
Napitupulu, R. B., Simanjuntak, T. P., Hutabarat, L., Damanik, H., Harianja, H., Sirait, R. T., & Tobing, C. E. (2021). Penelitian Bisnis, Teknik dan Analisis Data dengan SPSS - STATA - Eviews. Madanetara.
Nugroho, R. A. (2024, Februari 6). Tax Ratio RI Babak Belur Sejak 1980, Eks Dirjen Pajak Ungkap Sebabnya! Diambil kembali dari www.cnbcindonesia.com: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240206123952-4-512250/tax-ratio-ri-babak-belur-sejak-1980-eks-dirjen-pajak-ungkap-sebabnya
Pranata, I. P., Adhitanaya, K., Rizaldi, M. F., Winanda, G. B., Lestari, N. M., & Astuti, P. D. (2021). The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility, Firm Size, and Leverage on Tax Aggressiveness: An Empirical Evidence. Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance, 1478-1486.
Pratama, I., & Suryarini, T. (2020). The Role of Independent Commissioners in Moderating the Effect of Capital Intensity, Inventory Intensity, and Profitability on Tax Aggressiveness. Accounting Analysis Journal, 208-214, Vol. 9 No. 3.
Pratiwimba, P. D., & Damayanthi, I. A. (2025). Moderating Role of CSR Disclosure on the Relationship Between Financial Constraints, Leverage, and Tax Aggressiveness. E-JURNAL AKUNTANSI, 320-339.
Prawira, I. F., & Sandria, J. (2021). The Determinants of Corporate Tax Aggressiveness . Estudios de Economia Aplicada, 1-9, Vol. 39-4.
Purnomo, Z. H. (2023, Desember 29). Yuks, Mengenal apa itu Tax Ratio. Diambil kembali dari www.pajak.go.id: https://www.pajak.go.id/index.php/id/artikel/yuks-mengenal-apa-itu-tax-ratio
Rahayu, S., Trisnawati, E., & Firmansyah, A. (2023). Capital Intensity, Earning Management and Tax Aggressiveness: The Moderation Role of Related Party Transactions. Jurnal Akuntansi Berkelanjutan Indonesia, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1-20.
Rinaldi, M., Respati, N. W., & Fatimah. (2020). PENGARUH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, POLITICAL CONNECTION, CAPITAL INTENSITY DAN INVENTORY INTENSITY TERHADAP TAX AGGRESSIVENESS. SIMAK, VOL. 18 NO. 02, 149-171.
Santini, A. L., & Indrayani, E. (2020). THE EFFECT OF PROFITABILITY, LIQUIDITY, LEVERAGE, CAPITAL INTENSITY AND FIRM SIZE ON TAX AGGRESSIVENESS WITH MARKET PERFORMANCE AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE (Banking Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014 - 2018). Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Bisnis, 290-303, Volume 25 No 3.
Septiani, E., Lindrianasari, Sembiring, S. I., & Nurdiono. (2022). The effect of corporate social responsibility and capital intensity on tax aggressiveness. ASIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, 100 – 106, Vol. 1, No. 2.
Sofyan, V. V., & Ruslim, H. (2024). PENGARUH LEVERAGE, PROFITABILITAS DAN LIKUIDITAS TERHADAP AGRESIVITAS PAJAK DENGAN PROPORSI KOMISARIS INDEPENDEN SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI . CAKRAWALA – Repositori IMWI, 353-359, Volume 07, Nomor 01.
Sugeng, Prasetyo, E., & Zaman, B. (2020). Does capital intensity, inventory intensity, firm size, firm risk, and political connections affect tax aggressiveness? JEMA: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Akuntansi dan Manajemen, 78-87, Vol. 17 No. 1.
Sumiati, A., Widyastuti, U., & Respati, D. K. (2023). Analysis Of Financial and Non-Financial Factors That Influence Tax Aggressiveness in Registered Companies on The Indonesia Stock Exchange Year Of 2016 – 2019. Quality Access to Success, 1-9, Vol. 24, No. 193.
Tiaras, I., & Wijaya, H. (2015). PENGARUH LIKUIDITAS, LEVERAGE, MANAJEMEN LABA, KOMISARIS INDEPENDEN DAN UKURAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP AGRESIVITAS PAJAK. Jurnal Akuntansi, 380-397, Volume XIX, No. 03.
Wardani, D. K., & Ngali, M. M. (2022). THE EFFECT OF CAPITAL INTENSITY ON TAX AGGRESSIVENESS WITH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AS A MODERATING VARIABLE (Empirical Study on Manufacturing Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2017-2021). Journal of the Asian Academy of Applied Business, 57 – 66, Vol. 7.
Widiani, V., & Trisnawati, E. (2024). The Impact of Transfer Pricing, Capital Intensity, Thin Capitalization on Tax Avoidance with Sales Growth as Moderating Variabel in Pharmaceutical and Health Companies Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange 2017-2022. Jayapangus Press Ganaya : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, Volume 7 Nomor 3, 110-123.
Wildan, M. (2021, Juli 22). OECD: Tax Ratio RI Terendah Ketiga di 24 Negara Asia dan Pasifik. Diambil kembali dari news.ddtc.co.id: https://news.ddtc.co.id/berita/nasional/31439/oecd-tax-ratio-ri-terendah-ketiga-di-24-negara-asia-dan-pasifik
Yahya, A., Agustin, E. G., & Nurastuti, P. (2022). Firm Size, Capital Intensity dan Inventory Intensity terhadap Agresivitas Pajak. Jurnal Eksplorasi Akuntansi (JEA), 574-588, Vol. 4, No 3.
Yuniar, A. (2023, Februari 7). Menengok Angka Tax Ratio Indonesia 5 Tahun Terakhir. Diambil kembali dari www.liputan6.com: https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/5200856/menengok-angka-tax-ratio-indonesia-5-tahun-terakhir?page=3
Copyright (c) 2025 Hendrawan Hendrawan, Estralita Trisnawati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
